French Verb Agreement: Essential Rules for Mastering Conjugation

Updated on 2024-08-31

French verb agreement is a fundamental aspect of the language that can challenge learners at all levels.

Understanding these rules is crucial for speaking and writing French correctly.

This guide will break down the five key categories of verb agreement, providing clear explanations and plenty of examples to help you grasp this essential concept.

Être Verbs: Agreement with the Subject

Verbs that use être as their auxiliary verb in compound tenses require agreement with the subject. This rule applies to a specific group of verbs, often remembered by the acronym DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP.

Examples:

  • Elle est arrivée à l'heure. (She arrived on time.)
  • Nous sommes partis tôt ce matin. (We left early this morning.)
  • Ils seraient restés plus longtemps s'ils avaient pu. (They would have stayed longer if they could have.)

Practice:

  1. Je _____ (aller) au cinéma hier soir. (I went to the cinema last night.)
  2. Elles _____ (naître) dans le même hôpital. (They were born in the same hospital.)
  3. Vous _____ (descendre) de la montagne rapidement. (You came down from the mountain quickly.)

Passive Voice: Always Agree with the Subject

In passive voice constructions, the past participle always agrees with the subject of the sentence.

Examples:

  • La décision a été prise par le comité. (The decision was made by the committee.)
  • Ces livres ont été écrits par un auteur célèbre. (These books were written by a famous author.)
  • Les réformes seront adoptées avant la fin de l'année. (The reforms will be adopted before the end of the year.)

Practice:

  1. La lettre _____ (envoyer) hier. (The letter was sent yesterday.)
  2. Les invités _____ (accueillir) chaleureusement. (The guests were warmly welcomed.)
  3. Cette chanson _____ (composer) en une nuit. (This song was composed in one night.)

Avoir Verbs: Agreement with Preceding Direct Objects

Verbs that use avoir as their auxiliary verb only agree with a direct object that comes before the verb in the sentence.

Examples:

  • Les fleurs que j'ai achetées sont sur la table. (The flowers that I bought are on the table.)
  • Combien de livres as-tu lus ce mois-ci ? (How many books have you read this month?)
  • Cette chanson, je l'ai écoutée cent fois. (This song, I've listened to it a hundred times.)

Practice:

  1. Les clés, je les ai _____ (perdre) hier. (The keys, I lost them yesterday.)
  2. La tarte que ma grand-mère a _____ (faire) était délicieuse. (The pie that my grandmother made was delicious.)
  3. Ces films, nous les avons déjà _____ (voir). (These movies, we have already seen them.)

Pronominal Verbs: Usually Agree with the Subject

Pronominal verbs generally agree with the subject, as they use être as their auxiliary verb.

Examples:

  • Elles se sont lavées avant le dîner. (They washed themselves before dinner.)
  • Nous nous sommes rencontrés à la fête. (We met each other at the party.)
  • Il s'est blessé pendant le match. (He injured himself during the match.)

Practice:

  1. Ils se sont _____ (téléphoner) hier soir. (They called each other last night.)
  2. Elle s'est _____ (maquiller) pour la soirée. (She put on makeup for the evening.)
  3. Nous nous sommes _____ (promener) dans le parc. (We took a walk in the park.)

Verbs of Perception: Agreement with Preceding Subject of Infinitive

Verbs of perception (like voir, entendre, sentir) only agree when the subject of the infinitive comes before the main verb.

Examples:

  • Les enfants que j'ai vus jouer sont mes neveux. (The children I saw playing are my nephews.)
  • Les chansons que nous avons entendues chanter étaient magnifiques. (The songs we heard being sung were magnificent.)

Practice:

  1. La fille que j'ai _____ (entendre) chanter a une belle voix. (The girl I heard singing has a beautiful voice.)
  2. Les acteurs que nous avons _____ (voir) répéter sont talentueux. (The actors we saw rehearsing are talented.)
  3. Les parfums que j'ai _____ (sentir) étaient délicieux. (The perfumes I smelled were delicious.)

Answer Key and Explanations

Être Verbs Practice:

  1. Je suis allé(e) au cinéma hier soir. Explanation: "Aller" is an être verb, so it agrees with the subject. Use "allé" for masculine, "allée" for feminine.

  2. Elles sont nées dans le même hôpital. Explanation: "Naître" is an être verb. It agrees with "Elles" (feminine plural), so we add "es".

  3. Vous êtes descendu(e)(s) de la montagne rapidement. Explanation: "Descendre" is an être verb. Agreement depends on the gender and number of "vous" (singular/plural, masculine/feminine).

Passive Voice Practice:

  1. La lettre a été envoyée hier. Explanation: In passive voice, the past participle agrees with the subject "la lettre" (feminine singular).

  2. Les invités ont été accueillis chaleureusement. Explanation: The subject "Les invités" is masculine plural, so we add "s" to "accueillis".

  3. Cette chanson a été composée en une nuit. Explanation: "Cette chanson" is feminine singular, so we add "e" to "composée".

Avoir Verbs Practice:

  1. Les clés, je les ai perdues hier. Explanation: "Les" (them) is the direct object preceding the verb, referring to "les clés" (feminine plural).

  2. La tarte que ma grand-mère a faite était délicieuse. Explanation: "que" (which) is the direct object preceding the verb, referring to "la tarte" (feminine singular).

  3. Ces films, nous les avons déjà vus. Explanation: "les" is the direct object preceding the verb, referring to "ces films" (masculine plural).

Pronominal Verbs Practice:

  1. Ils se sont téléphoné hier soir. Explanation: No agreement here because "se téléphoner" is reciprocal and "se" is an indirect object.

  2. Elle s'est maquillée pour la soirée. Explanation: "Se maquiller" is reflexive. Agreement with "elle" (feminine singular).

  3. Nous nous sommes promenés dans le parc. Explanation: "Se promener" is reflexive. Agreement with "nous" (plural, add "s". Use "és" for all-male group, "ées" for all-female).

Verbs of Perception Practice:

  1. La fille que j'ai entendue chanter a une belle voix. Explanation: Agreement because "que" (the subject of "chanter") precedes the verb "entendre".

  2. Les acteurs que nous avons vus répéter sont talentueux. Explanation: Agreement because "que" (the subject of "répéter") precedes the verb "voir".

  3. Les parfums que j'ai sentis étaient délicieux. Explanation: Agreement because "que" (referring to "les parfums") precedes the verb "sentir".

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