How to use "ce qui" and "ce que" in French

Understanding the difference between "ce qui" and "ce que" in French can be tricky for English speakers. These relative pronouns are essential for forming complex sentences and expressing ideas clearly. Let's break down their usage and provide some examples to help you master these important French grammatical elements.

What are "ce qui" and "ce que"?

"Ce qui" and "ce que" are both relative pronouns that mean "what" or "that which" in English. However, they are used in different grammatical contexts.

When to use "ce qui"

Use "ce qui" when it's the subject of the relative clause. In other words, when "what" or "that which" is performing the action in the clause.

Examples:

• J'aime ce qui est beau. (I like what is beautiful.)
• Ce qui m'intéresse, c'est la culture française. (What interests me is French culture.)

When to use "ce que"

Use "ce que" when it's the direct object of the relative clause. This means "what" or "that which" is receiving the action in the clause.

Examples:

• Je ne comprends pas ce que tu dis. (I don't understand what you're saying.)
• Ce que j'ai vu était incroyable. (What I saw was incredible.)

Tips for remembering

Think of "qui" as related to the subject (like "who" in English) and "que" as related to the object (like "whom" or "that" in English).

Practice exercises

Try completing these sentences:

1. _____ est important, c'est la pratique.
2. Je ne sais pas _____ je vais faire demain.

(Answers: 1. Ce qui, 2. ce que)

By mastering the use of "ce qui" and "ce que," you'll be able to express more complex ideas in French and improve your overall fluency.